Gettysburg July 1 is the title of a 1996 book I read recently by David G. Martin. Its 736 pages provide a detailed, readable and exhaustive account of the first day of the battle, the 161st anniversary of which is fast approaching. (Martin includes several citations of the work of Mark Dunkelman, historian of the 154th NY Volunteer Infantry, and my host in Providence, RI, when I spoke at the Civil War Round Table there.)
As is well known, in the late afternoon of July 1, 1863, the Confederates broke through, first against the Union XI Corps commanded by O.O. Howard, and then against the I Corps commanded by Abner Doubleday, who had moved up from divisional command that morning when the preceding corps commander, John Reynolds, was killed. Army commander George Meade replaced Doubleday with John Newton (his junior in rank) as corps commander the next day, which is odd because Doubleday did an excellent job, as Martin's record demonstrates. He held the corps together to repel several strong assaults, retreating in good order from one defensive position to another until finally being outflanked and forced to rapidly withdraw through the town by the more numerous Confederates. The two battered Union corps established a last redoubt along Cemetery Ridge, with some reinforcements trickling in along with Meade in the evening. Doubleday resumed command of his division for the rest of the battle, but was then out of combat assignment for the rest of his career. Maybe he'd seen enough of war, firing literally the first Union shot of this one from Fort Sumter, and seeing much hard action since, including at Antietam.
Martin shares the conventional wisdom that the Confederates might have won the battle had they pressed harder to take Cemetery Hill late in the day. I am skeptical, preferring Longstreet's advice that evening to Lee to outflank Meade and get between him and Washington. (But then I'm prejudiced in Longstreet's favor because he was a pro-Reconstruction friend of Grant.)
Speaking of Grant, July 4 is the anniversary of the surrender of Vicksburg, which along with the great defensive victory at Gettysburg marks the military turning point of the war. (July 4 was also Nellie Grant's birthday in 1855.) Flag Day seems to have come and gone, but there will be a parade so designated, followed by a concert and fireworks, starting at 5 p.m. Thursday July 4 in Saratoga Springs, NY, and I'll be marching(?) along with a Grant Cottage contingent.
The photo above is of Doubleday's birthplace in nearby Ballston Spa, and the one below of a historical marker a few blocks away. Whatever his connection to baseball, Doubleday fought well at Gettysburg (he was wounded July 2, but stayed on the field through the next day).
The end photo is of my wife Barbara last October 5 on the roof of a pizza bar called The Speckled Pig; the Doubleday house is in background at far left.
